| padding zero on the left | lpad(1, 3, '0') | sprintf("%03d", 1) | f"{1:03}" | printf "%03d" 1(Shell) | 
| check if substring | occursin() |  | in |  | 
| sum an array along row | dims=1 | margin=2 | axis=0 |  | 
| read image | Images::load() |  | cv2.imread()
 skimage.io.imread() | imread()(Matlab) | 
| write image | save() |  | cv2.imwrite() |  | 
| sortandargsort | sort, sortperm | sort(), order() | sorted(), np.argsort() |  | 
| Jupyter kernels | IJulia | IRkernel | ipykernel |  | 
| too many open figures | inline |  | rcParams |  | 
| merge multiple slices | vcat |  | np.r_ |  | 
| index of true elements | findall | which | np.where()[0] |  | 
| freq table | StatsBase::countmap() | table | np.unique(return_counts=True) |  | 
| contingency table | FreqTable::freqtable() | table |  |  | 
| figure size | size in pixel |  | figsize in inch |  | 
| straight line | Plots.abline!() | abline() |  |  | 
| get unique elements | unique(x) | unique(x) |  |  | 
| index for unique elements | unique(i->x[i], 1:length(x)) | which(!duplicated(x)) |  |  | 
| layout | @layout | layout |  |  | 
| priority of : | 0.1+1:10-1 == (0.1+1):(10-1) | 0.1+1:10-1 == 0.1+(1:10)-1 |  |  | 
| enumerate | for (k, v) in enumerate(d) |  | for k, v in enumerate(d): |  | 
| keep dims | a[1:1,:] | a[1,,drop=FALSE] | a[0:1,:] |  | 
| expand dims |  |  | a[:, None]
 np.expand_dims(a, axis=-1)
 a[:, np.newaxis] |  | 
| default color | palette(:default) |  | plt.rcParams['axes.prop_cycle'].by_key()['color'] |  |